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Novum Instrumentum omne was the first published ''New Testament'' in Greek (1516). Often referred to by an alternative title as the Textus Receptus. It was prepared by Desiderius Erasmus (1469–1536) and printed by Johann Froben (1460–1527) of Basel. Although the first printed Greek New Testament was the Complutensian Polyglot (1514), it was the second to be published (1522). Erasmus used several Greek manuscripts housed in Basel, but some passages he translated from the Latin Vulgate. Five editions of ''Novum Instrumentum omne'' were published. Of these four and five were not regarded as being so important as the third edition (1522), which was used by Tyndale for the first ''English New Testament'' (1526) and later by translators of the Geneva Bible and the King James Version. With the third edition, the Comma Johanneum was included. The Erasmian edition was the basis for the majority of modern translations of New Testament in the 16–19th centuries. == First edition == In 1512 Erasmus had been in negotiation with Badius Ascensius of Paris to publish the Vulgate of Jerome and a new edition of Adagia. It did not happen, and Erasmus did not continue contacts with Badius. At that time Erasmus did not think about a Greek New Testament. It is uncertain when Erasmus decided to prepare his edition of the Greek New Testament, but on a visit to Basel in August 1514 he contacted Johann Froben. Many scholars believe that Froben had heard about the forthcoming Spanish Polyglot Bible, and tried to overtake the project of Alcala (e.g. S. P. Tregelles).〔"It appears that Froben, the printer of Basel, wished to anticipate the edition of the Greek Testament which was (as he heard) in preparation in Spain." See: S. P. Tregelles, ''The Printed Text of the Greek New Testament'', London 1854, p. 19. The same point of view represents: Erika Rummel, ''Erasmus Annotations on the New Testament'', University of Toronto Press, 1986, p. 23.〕 Some scholars doubt this motivation of Froben (e.g. Bruce Metzger), because there is no evidence to support it.〔See: Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 142.〕 Most likely he included the Greek text to prove the superiority of his Latin version. The next meeting took the place in April 1515 at the University of Cambridge. As a result, in July 1515 Erasmus came to Basel and started his work. Johannes Oecolampadius served as his editorial assistant and Hebrew consultant.〔J. Brashler, "From Erasmus to Calvin: Exploring the Roots of Reformed Hermeneutics", ''Interpretation'' 63(2) April 2009, p. 163〕 Erasmus did not take any Greek manuscripts to Basel, hoping to find some there. He borrowed some manuscripts from the Dominican Library at the Basel. He used seven manuscripts, they were identified:〔W. W. Combs, ''Erasmus and the textus receptus'', DBSJ 1 (Spring 1996), 45.〕 Manuscripts 1eap and 1rK Erasmus borrowed from Johannes Reuchlin. The rest of the manuscripts he borrowed from Dominicans.〔Most of the manuscripts came from the collection that had been bequeathed in 1443 to the Dominican monastery at Basle by John of Ragusa; see Bo Reicke, ''Erasmus und die neutestamentliche Textgeschichte'', Theologische Zeitschrift, XXII (1966), pp. 254-265.〕 It is significant that he did not use the Codex Basilensis, which was held at the Basel University Library, and was available for him. Erasmus had three manuscripts of the Gospels and Acts, four manuscripts of the Pauline epistles, but only one manuscript with the Book of Revelation. In every book of the New Testament he compared three or four manuscripts, except the last book, Book of Revelation. Unfortunately, this manuscript was not complete, it lacked the final leaf, which contained the last six verses of the book. Instead of delaying the publication, on account of the search for another manuscript, he decided to translate the missing verses from the Latin Vulgate into Greek. He used a corrupted manuscript of Vulgate with textual variant ''libro vitae'' (book of life) instead ''ligno vitae'' (tree of life) in Rev 22:19.〔Textual scholar Hoskier argued that Erasmus did not use Vulgate. Instead, he suggested that Erasmus used other Greek manuscripts such as 2049. See: H. C. Hoskier, ''Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse'', vol. 2 (London: Bernard Quaritch, Ltd., 1929), p. 644.〕 Even in other parts of the Book of Revelation and other books of the New Testament Erasmus occasionally introduced self-created Greek text material taken from the Vulgate. F. H. A. Scrivener remarked, that in Rev 17:4 he created a new Greek word: ἀκαθαρτητος (instead τὰ ἀκάθαρτα). There is no such word in Greek language as ακαθαρτητος.〔F. H. A. Scrivener, ''A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament'', George Bell & Sons: London 1894, Vol. 2, p. 184.〕 In Rev 17:8 he used καιπερ εστιν (''and yet is'') instead of και παρεσται (''and shall come''). In Acts 9:6 the question that Paul asks at the time of his conversion on the Damascus road, Τρέμων τε καὶ θαμβὣν εἲπεν κύριε τί μέ θέλεις ποιῆσαι ("And he trembling and astonished said, Lord, what will you have me to do?") was incorporated from the Vulgate.〔Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 145.〕〔Hills concluded that Erasmus was divinely guided when he introduced Latin Vulgate readings into his Greek text. See Edward F. Hills, ''King James Version Defended!'', pp. 199-200.〕 The printing began on 2 October 1515, and in very short time was finished (1 March 1516). It was produced in great hurry, with typographical errors, and was unusually titled:
This title, especially words: ''Novum Instrumentum ... Recognitum et Emendatum'', means ''New Testament... Revised and Improved''. This title must refer to the Latin text of Vulgate, not to any Greek text, because at that time there was not a printed edition of the Greek New Testament in circulation. In his dedication to Pope Leo X, Erasmus says: I perceived that that teaching which is our salvation was to be had in a much purer and more lively form if sought at the fountain-head and drawn from the actual sources than from pools and runnels. And so I have revised the whole New Testament (as they call it) against the standard of the Greek original... I have added annotations of my own, in order in the first place to show the reader what changes I have made, and why; second, to disentangle and explain anything that may be complicated, ambiguous, or obscure.〔"Epistle 384" in ''Collected Works of Erasmus''. Vol. 3: Letters 222 to 223, 1516 (tr. R.A.B. Mynors and D.F.S. Thomson; annotated by James K. McConica; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976).〕 It was a bilingual edition, the Greek text was in a left column, Latin in a right column, and it is clear, the Greek text was not the first target of this edition, it was the Latin text of Vulgate. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Novum Instrumentum omne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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